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Abbreviations GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 DPP-4 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 NEPs Neutral endopeptidases GLP-1RAs GLP-1 receptor agonists GLP-1 Rs GLP-1 receptors T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus DR Diabetic retinopathy anti-VEGF Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor AMD Age-related macular degeneration GA Geographic atrophy CVOTs Cardiovascular outcome trials BRB Blood-retinal barrier cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate BBB Blood-brain barrier AD Alzheimers disease CVOs Circumventricular organs RPE Retinal pigment epithelial GPCRs G protein-coupled receptors GCL Ganglion cell layer GK Goto-Kakizaki E4 Exendin-4 ONL Outer nuclear layer TXNIP Thioredoxin-interacting protein INL Inner nuclear layer NFL Nerve fiber layer STZ Streptozotocin GLAST Glutamate-aspartate transporter nAMD Neovascular age-related macular degeneration PLGF Placental growth factor ICAM-1 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 FFAs Free fatty acids LDs Lipid droplets EMT Epithelial-mesenchymal transition AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase ROS Reactive oxygen species MMP Mitochondrial membrane potential DAM Disease-associated microglial HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin CNS Central nervous system RGC Retinal ganglion cell POAG Primary open-angle glaucoma IOP Intraocular pressure RCTs Randomized controlled trials BMI Body mass index NAION Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy DED Dry Eye Disease DDES Diabetic dry eye syndrome Author contributions Conceptualization, Yu Luo

PMID 12173793

B-cell gene rearrangement studies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed but showed inconclusive results

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