The benzyl alcohol helps reduce the risk that small amounts of bacteria introduced during handling will multiply in the vial
As integral components of the NVU, perivascular astrocytes maintain BBB characteristics by contributing to basement membrane formation, regulating pericyte differentiation, and modulating EC functions by regulating the expression of TJs such as claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 [49, 51,52,53]
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(Thats why vitamin B12 is often treated with B12 injections fewer barriers to absorption!) A different small study on people who underwent gastric bypass surgery found that higher doses of oral B12 supplements (1,000 to 2,000 mcg) are about as effective as injections
Because they work through entirely different biological pathways, there is no mechanism conflict between the two therapies